Strolling Through Istanbul, Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely.
Istanbul was the seat of the Islamic Caliphate, between 1517 and 1924. Some of the personal belongings of Muhammad and the earliest caliphs who followed him are today preserved in the Topkapı Palace, the Eyüp Sultan Mosque and in several other prominent mosques of Istanbul.
The history of Istanbul, formerly known as Byzantium and Constantinople, spans more than 2,600 years and reflects the city’s pivotal role as a crossroads between Europe and Asia, Christianity and Islam, and ancient and modern civilizations. Here's a broad overview of Istanbul's history:
1. Byzantium (7th Century BCE – 330 CE)
Foundation: Istanbul was originally founded as Byzantium by Greek colonists from the city-state of Megara in approximately 667 BCE. According to legend, the city was named after its king, Byzas.
Early Development: Byzantium's strategic position on the Bosphorus Strait gave it early importance as a trade and maritime city. Its location allowed it to control key trade routes between Europe and Asia.
2. Roman Period (73 CE – 330 CE)
Roman Conquest: In 73 CE, Byzantium was conquered by the Roman Empire and incorporated into Roman dominions. While initially not a major city, its significance increased under Roman rule.
Development: The Roman Empire recognized Byzantium’s strategic importance, and its position became even more crucial as the Roman Empire grew.
3. Constantinople – The Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Capital (330 CE – 1453 CE)
Founding of Constantinople: In 330 CE, the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great rebuilt and greatly expanded Byzantium, renaming it Constantinople (after himself), and made it the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire (later known as the Byzantine Empire). It was sometimes referred to as "Nova Roma" (New Rome).
Golden Age of Byzantium: Constantinople grew rapidly, becoming one of the largest and most influential cities of the ancient world. It was a center of Christianity, trade, art, and culture. The construction of landmarks like the Hagia Sophia and the Hippodrome exemplified the city’s importance.
Religious Significance: After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE, Constantinople became the heart of the Christian Byzantine Empire and the seat of the Orthodox Church. The city’s population grew and it was seen as the most important city in Christendom.
Defensive Strength: Constantinople’s massive walls and strategic location made it nearly impenetrable for centuries, surviving numerous sieges from various invaders, including Persians, Avars, and Arabs.
4. Siege and Fall of Constantinople (1453 CE)
Ottoman Conquest: On May 29, 1453, after a prolonged siege, the city fell to the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II (Mehmed the Conqueror). The conquest marked the end of the Byzantine Empire and a critical turning point in world history.
Transformation into Istanbul: Mehmed II transformed the city into the capital of the Ottoman Empire. It was renamed Istanbul (though it continued to be called Constantinople by many Westerners for centuries), and significant efforts were made to restore and expand it. The Hagia Sophia was converted into a mosque, and numerous Ottoman buildings, including the Topkapı Palace and Süleymaniye Mosque, were constructed.
5. Ottoman Period (1453 CE – 1922 CE)
Ottoman Golden Age: Istanbul became one of the world’s largest and most important cities under Ottoman rule. It flourished as a center of the Islamic world, culture, and commerce. The city’s position on the Bosphorus enabled the Ottomans to control key trade routes between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean.
Cultural and Architectural Developments: Istanbul grew with new mosques, schools, bazaars, and public buildings. Great Ottoman architects like Mimar Sinan left their mark on the city with masterpieces such as the Süleymaniye Mosque and the Blue Mosque.
Multicultural Society: As a cosmopolitan hub, Istanbul was home to diverse populations, including Turks, Greeks, Armenians, Jews, and others. This diversity added to the city’s cultural richness.
6. Decline of the Ottoman Empire (19th Century – Early 20th Century)
Challenges: The Ottoman Empire entered a period of decline in the 19th century due to military defeats, territorial losses, and internal unrest. Despite modernization efforts like the Tanzimat Reforms, the empire could not stop the decline.
End of the Empire: The Balkan Wars (1912–1913) and World War I (1914–1918) further weakened the empire. After the Ottomans sided with the Central Powers and were defeated in World War I, Istanbul was briefly occupied by Allied forces.
7. The Birth of Modern Turkey (1923 – Present)
Turkish War of Independence: Following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the Turkish War of Independence (1919–1923), led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, resulted in the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923.
Ankara Becomes the Capital: While Ankara was chosen as the capital of the new republic, Istanbul remained Turkey’s largest and most important city in terms of commerce, culture, and tourism.
Modernization and Growth: Throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, Istanbul has grown into a bustling metropolis with a population exceeding 15 million people. It remains a crucial cultural and economic center and is one of the largest cities in the world.
8. Istanbul Today
Cultural and Economic Hub: Istanbul is a vibrant city where East meets West, with a unique blend of European and Asian cultures, evident in its architecture, cuisine, and daily life.
Tourism: Landmarks like the Hagia Sophia, Blue Mosque, Topkapı Palace, and the Bosphorus attract millions of tourists every year, while the city continues to grow as a financial and business hub.
Istanbul’s history is deeply intertwined with the rise and fall of empires, serving as a key crossroads of civilizations for more than two millennia. It continues to thrive as a symbol of historical depth and cultural diversity.
"Strolling Through Istanbul" by Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely is a detailed guidebook that explores the rich history, architecture, and culture of Istanbul. The book is structured as a walking guide, taking the reader through various neighborhoods and historical landmarks of the city.
Book begins with the View from the Bridge.
The Galata Bridge is one of the most iconic landmarks in Istanbul, Turkey, connecting the districts of Eminönü and Karaköy over the Golden Horn, an inlet of the Bosphorus Strait. The bridge holds a deep historical and cultural significance, and it offers stunning views of Istanbul’s skyline, including the Galata Tower, mosques, and the waters bustling with boats.
Here are some key features and interesting facts about the Galata Bridge:
Historical Importance: Several versions of the bridge have existed since the 19th century, with the current bridge built in 1994. Earlier versions date back to the 1840s during the Ottoman Empire, when the first wooden version was constructed.
Design and Structure: The modern Galata Bridge is a two-tiered structure. The upper level is for vehicle and pedestrian traffic, while the lower level is lined with restaurants and cafes, making it a popular spot for both locals and tourists to enjoy seafood and the scenic waterfront.
Fishing Tradition: The bridge is famous for the fishermen who line the railings, casting their lines into the waters of the Golden Horn. This has become an iconic image of daily life in Istanbul.
Cultural Significance: Over the centuries, the Galata Bridge has inspired numerous works of art, literature, and films. It’s also a symbol of the connection between different parts of the city, reflecting Istanbul’s role as a bridge between Europe and Asia.
Vibrant Atmosphere: Besides being a transit route, the bridge is a lively spot where people gather to walk, dine, or simply enjoy the views. The lower level, with its restaurants, offers fresh seafood with a direct view of the water, creating a charming and dynamic environment day and night.
Whether you’re looking to take a scenic walk, enjoy fresh Turkish food, or appreciate the history and culture of Istanbul, the Galata Bridge offers a unique blend of all these experiences.
From the Galata Bridge, you can see some of Istanbul’s famous Seven Hills, which are situated on the historical peninsula (the European side of the city). These hills, each crowned by significant landmarks, have been an important part of Istanbul’s identity since its foundation as Byzantium and later Constantinople. Here’s a breakdown of the seven hills:
1. First Hill – Topkapı Palace and Hagia Sophia
Landmark: The First Hill is home to the Hagia Sophia and Topkapı Palace, two of Istanbul’s most iconic structures.
Location: It is in Sultanahmet, close to the entrance to the Golden Horn, making it visible from the Galata Bridge.
2. Second Hill – Çemberlitaş and the Nuruosmaniye Mosque
Landmark: The Column of Constantine (Çemberlitaş) and the Nuruosmaniye Mosque are on the Second Hill.
Location: This hill is located near the Grand Bazaar and slightly behind the First Hill.
3. Third Hill – Süleymaniye Mosque
Landmark: The Süleymaniye Mosque, one of the grandest mosques in Istanbul, sits atop the Third Hill.
Location: It rises prominently over the Golden Horn and offers panoramic views of the city.
4. Fourth Hill – Fatih Mosque
Landmark: The Fatih Mosque, built by Sultan Mehmed II, who conquered Constantinople, dominates the Fourth Hill.
Location: This hill is further inland but still visible from elevated points on the bridge.
5. Fifth Hill – Yavuz Selim Mosque
Landmark: The Yavuz Selim Mosque, dedicated to Sultan Selim I, is the notable landmark on the Fifth Hill.
Location: It is situated further inland and offers views over the Golden Horn, though it's a bit less prominent from the bridge.
6. Sixth Hill – Mihrimah Sultan Mosque
Landmark: The Mihrimah Sultan Mosque in the Edirnekapı area tops this hill.
Location: This hill is located near the old city walls, toward the western end of the peninsula.
7. Seventh Hill – Cerrahpaşa
Landmark: The Seventh Hill is more residential and less defined by one major monument but includes the Cerrahpaşa area and some smaller mosques and structures.
Location: It's further away from the coast and Golden Horn.
From the Galata Bridge, the most prominent hills and landmarks you can easily see are the First Hill with Hagia Sophia and Topkapı Palace, the Third Hill with Süleymaniye Mosque, and some of the Fourth Hill with Fatih Mosque, depending on your viewpoint.
From the Galata Bridge it takes us to Haghia Sophia
https://www.hagiasophia.com/#google_vignette
The Hagia Sophia (or Ayasofya in Turkish) is one of the most remarkable and historically significant buildings in the world, located in Istanbul, Turkey.
Its history spans over 1,500 years, reflecting the city's transformations through the Byzantine, Ottoman, and modern periods. Here’s a detailed look at its history, architecture, and cultural significance:
1. Early History and Byzantine Period (537 CE – 1453 CE)
Construction: The Hagia Sophia was commissioned by the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I and completed in 537 CE. It was built to replace two earlier churches that had been destroyed by riots. The building was designed by the Greek scientists and architects Isidore of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles. At its completion, it was the largest cathedral in the world.
Meaning: The name "Hagia Sophia" means "Holy Wisdom" in Greek (Ἁγία Σοφία), reflecting its dedication to the Christian concept of divine wisdom rather than to a saint.
Architectural Marvel: At the time of its completion, the Hagia Sophia was considered an engineering marvel. Its massive dome, 31 meters in diameter, was unlike anything seen before. The innovative use of pendentives allowed the dome to rest on four massive arches, giving the impression that the dome was floating. The height of the dome from floor to apex is about 55 meters, making the interior space seem immense and awe-inspiring.
Religious and Political Role: As the cathedral of Constantinople, Hagia Sophia was the center of Byzantine religious, political, and cultural life for nearly a thousand years. It was the site of imperial coronations, state ceremonies, and religious festivals. The structure was richly adorned with mosaics, marble pillars, and gold.
Mosaics: The Hagia Sophia’s mosaics are among the finest examples of Byzantine art. Some of the most famous mosaics include:
The Deesis Mosaic (Christ Pantocrator between the Virgin Mary and John the Baptist) from the 13th century.
Mosaics depicting various emperors and empresses, such as Emperor Constantine IX and Empress Zoe.
The image of the Virgin Mary holding the Christ child above the apse.
2. Ottoman Period (1453 CE – 1935 CE)
Conversion to a Mosque: In 1453, Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II (Mehmed the Conqueror). One of his first actions after capturing the city was to convert the Hagia Sophia into a mosque. This marked the beginning of a new chapter in the building’s history.
Islamic Features Added: Over the centuries, the Ottomans made several changes to the Hagia Sophia to suit its new function as a mosque:
Four minarets were added at the corners of the building.
Islamic features like the mihrab (a niche indicating the direction of Mecca), minbar (pulpit), and large calligraphic medallions bearing the names of Allah, Muhammad, and the first caliphs were installed.
The Christian mosaics were covered with plaster, although many survived beneath the plaster layers.
Importance in Ottoman Society: As a mosque, Hagia Sophia became one of the most important religious sites in the Ottoman Empire. It remained the principal mosque of Istanbul until the construction of the Süleymaniye Mosque in the 16th century.
3. Secularization and Museum Period (1935 CE – 2020 CE)
Museum Status: After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the establishment of the Turkish Republic by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Hagia Sophia was secularized in 1935. It was transformed into a museum, symbolizing the new, secular nature of the Turkish state.
Restorations: During its time as a museum, many of the Christian mosaics that had been covered during the Ottoman period were uncovered and restored, allowing visitors to see both Islamic and Christian elements coexisting in the same space.
Symbol of Interfaith Heritage: As a museum, the Hagia Sophia became a symbol of coexistence between Christian and Islamic cultures, attracting millions of visitors from around the world. It stood as a testament to the complex, multicultural history of Istanbul.
4. Reconversion to a Mosque (2020 – Present)
Return to Mosque Status: In 2020, the Turkish government, under President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, decided to reconvert Hagia Sophia into a mosque. This decision sparked international debate, as the site is revered by both Muslims and Christians, and is seen as a symbol of shared cultural heritage.
Current Role: While it functions again as a mosque, Hagia Sophia remains open to visitors outside of prayer times. The Christian mosaics, which were once hidden, remain visible, although they are covered during Islamic prayers. It continues to attract tourists and pilgrims, blending its roles as a place of worship and a historical monument.
5. Architectural Significance
The Hagia Sophia's architecture has had a profound influence on the history of architecture, both in the East and West. It served as the inspiration for many Ottoman mosques, including the Blue Mosque in Istanbul, as well as churches and secular buildings across the world.
Key architectural features include:
The Dome: One of the greatest achievements of Byzantine engineering, its height and diameter create a vast, open space within the structure, symbolizing heaven and earth's connection.
Pendentives: These triangular sections of masonry allowed for the dome to sit atop the rectangular base, revolutionizing architectural techniques.
Light: The dome is pierced with numerous windows, which flood the interior with natural light, creating a mystical atmosphere.
6. Cultural and Religious Significance
Christianity: For nearly a millennium, Hagia Sophia was the heart of the Orthodox Christian world, and its grandeur symbolized the power and piety of the Byzantine Empire.
Islam: After the Ottoman conquest, Hagia Sophia became a symbol of Islamic dominance in the region and the Muslim world.
Global Heritage: Today, it is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, reflecting its global cultural and historical significance.
Conclusion
The Hagia Sophia is more than just a building; it’s a monument to human creativity, engineering, and spirituality. Over its long history, it has embodied the shifting political and religious fortunes of two of the world’s greatest empires—Byzantine and Ottoman—and remains a symbol of Istanbul’s rich, multifaceted heritage. Its architecture and mosaics are celebrated for their beauty and innovation, and its role as both a church and a mosque speaks to its unique place in history.
Tokapi Sarayi
https://muze.gen.tr/muze-detay/topkapi
Topkapı Palace (Turkish: Topkapı Sarayı) is one of the most famous and historically significant palaces in Istanbul, Turkey. It served as the primary residence and administrative headquarters of the Ottoman sultans for nearly 400 years, from the 15th century until the mid-19th century.
Here’s an in-depth look at its history, architecture, and cultural significance:
1. History of Topkapı Palace
Construction and Early Years (1459 – 1478)
Commission by Mehmed II: Topkapı Palace was constructed between 1459 and 1478 by Sultan Mehmed II, also known as Mehmed the Conqueror, after his conquest of Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) in 1453. He chose a strategic location on the Seraglio Point (Sarayburnu), a promontory overlooking the Golden Horn, the Bosphorus, and the Sea of Marmara.
Name: The name "Topkapı" means "Cannon Gate" in Turkish, derived from a nearby gate that was part of the city walls.
Primary Function: The palace served as the imperial residence, the center of the Ottoman government, and the training school for future bureaucrats and soldiers (the Janissaries). It also housed the Harem, the private quarters of the sultan and his family, as well as state offices, reception rooms, and gardens.
Ottoman Golden Age (16th – 17th Century)
Expansion under Sultan Süleyman: During the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent (1520–1566), Topkapı Palace reached its peak in grandeur and importance. It was further expanded, with new buildings, courtyards, and towers added, reflecting the empire’s prosperity and power.
The Harem: One of the most intriguing parts of Topkapı is the Harem, a highly private section of the palace. It housed the sultan’s mother (the Valide Sultan), his wives, concubines, and children, as well as eunuchs who served as guards. The Harem became a symbol of the sultan's power and the opulence of Ottoman court life.
Political and Administrative Center
Council of Ministers: The palace housed the Divan, the council of ministers who advised the sultan on state matters. Important meetings were held in the Imperial Council Hall, where major decisions were made concerning the empire’s governance, military campaigns, and foreign relations.
Treasures: The palace was also the repository of the empire’s most valuable treasures, including jewels, manuscripts, and sacred Islamic relics.
Decline and Abandonment (19th Century)
Dolmabahçe Palace: By the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire was modernizing, and Sultan Abdülmecid I (1839–1861) decided to build a new, more European-style palace, the Dolmabahçe Palace, on the Bosphorus waterfront. By 1856, most of the imperial family and government functions had moved there, and Topkapı Palace began to lose its role as the administrative heart of the empire.
Continued Use: Despite this, Topkapı continued to serve symbolic functions, including the housing of important relics and the occasional residence of certain members of the royal family.
2. Conversion into a Museum (1924 – Present)
Republic of Turkey: After the fall of the Ottoman Empire and the establishment of the Republic of Turkey under Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in 1923, Topkapı Palace was transformed into a museum in 1924. It was one of the first actions taken by the new government to preserve the Ottoman heritage.
UNESCO World Heritage Site: In 1985, the Topkapı Palace was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site, acknowledging its historical and architectural significance.
3. Architecture and Layout of Topkapı Palace
Topkapı Palace covers an area of around 700,000 square meters and is divided into several courtyards, each serving different functions. The palace's layout reflects the hierarchical structure of Ottoman society, with increasing levels of privacy and security as one moves inward.
The Four Courtyards:
First Courtyard (Imperial Gate and Gardens):
Public Access: The Imperial Gate (Bab-ı Hümayun) leads into the First Courtyard, which was open to the public. It housed administrative buildings, a hospital, bakery, and the Hagia Irene church, which was used as a storehouse and armory by the Ottomans.
Gardens: Beautiful gardens and green spaces were used by palace officials and visitors alike.
Second Courtyard (Council and Kitchens):
Official Functions: The Second Courtyard, entered through the Gate of Salutation (Bab-üs Selam), was where official state business took place. The Divan, or council chambers, were located here, as well as the palace kitchens, which prepared meals for thousands of people every day.
Treasury and Armory: The famous Imperial Treasury, housing Ottoman weapons, jewelry, and precious objects, is located in this courtyard.
Third Courtyard (Audience Hall and Privy Chamber):
Private Palace Life: The Gate of Felicity (Bab-üs Saadet) leads to the Third Courtyard, the most private part of the palace. It contains the Audience Hall, where the sultan received foreign ambassadors and high-ranking officials.
Imperial Treasury: This courtyard also holds the Imperial Treasury, where the Ottoman crown jewels, gold, and other valuable treasures were kept. Visitors can still view items such as the Topkapı Dagger and the famous Spoonmaker's Diamond.
Enderun School: This area also housed the Enderun, a school where young men (often from Christian families in the Balkans) were trained to become high-ranking officials or military commanders.
Fourth Courtyard (Gardens and Pavilions):
Gardens and Pavilions: The Fourth Courtyard, at the back of the palace, contains the most luxurious and private pavilions, where the sultans would relax and enjoy the views of the Bosphorus and Golden Horn. Notable pavilions include the Tulip Garden, the Sofa Pavilion, and the Circumcision Room.
Iftar Pavilion: The sultans often broke their fast during Ramadan in the Iftar Pavilion, a special room with a commanding view of the Bosphorus.
4. Key Features and Collections
Imperial Harem: The Harem is perhaps the most famous and mysterious part of the palace. It was the private domain of the sultan and his family. The Harem contained more than 400 rooms, including the quarters of the Valide Sultan (the sultan’s mother), concubines, and children. The architecture of the Harem is an exquisite mix of Iznik tiles, marble, and luxurious woodwork.
Sacred Relics Room: One of the most important rooms in Topkapı is the Sacred Relics Chamber, which contains some of the most revered Islamic relics, including:
The Prophet Muhammad’s cloak and sword.
The Staff of Moses.
A hair from the Prophet Muhammad’s beard.
Jewels and Treasury: The Topkapı Treasury displays some of the most famous and extravagant treasures of the Ottoman Empire, such as:
The Spoonmaker’s Diamond, one of the largest diamonds in the world.
The Topkapı Dagger, adorned with emeralds, which was famously involved in the plot of the film Topkapi.
The Throne of Sultan Mahmud I, covered in mother-of-pearl and tortoiseshell.
Ottoman Manuscripts: The palace also houses an important collection of Ottoman manuscripts, maps, and miniatures, including rare Qurans and official documents from the empire.
5. Topkapı Palace Today
Today, Topkapı Palace is one of the most visited tourist attractions in Istanbul and offers a unique glimpse into the opulent lifestyle of the Ottoman sultans and the grandeur of the empire. It is a symbol of the Ottoman Empire’s power and cultural achievements, showcasing treasures, artwork, and architecture that reflect centuries of Ottoman rule.
The museum is open to the public, and visitors can explore the courtyards, pavilions, Harem, and treasure rooms, making it a must-see for anyone interested in Ottoman history and culture.
Through the outer garden of Sarayi
Through the outer garden of Sarayi
The Outer Garden of Topkapı Palace (also known as the First Courtyard) is the largest and most accessible part of the palace complex. It served as a semi-public space and was open to those who had business at the palace, though not the general public. The Outer Garden provides a tranquil transition from the bustling city into the more private, ceremonial, and administrative areas of the palace.
Key features of the Outer Garden include:
Imperial Gate (Bab-ı Hümayun): The grand entrance into the palace, through which visitors enter the First Courtyard.
Hagia Irene: A Byzantine church located within the Outer Garden, which was repurposed as an armory and warehouse during Ottoman times.
Lush Gardens and Trees: The area is filled with greenery, offering peaceful pathways lined with cypress and plane trees.
Auxiliary Buildings: Various functional buildings, including bakeries, hospitals, and guardhouses, were located here to support palace life.
The Outer Garden set the tone for the more formal and exclusive spaces deeper inside the palace, leading visitors to the Gate of Salutation, which marks the entrance to the Second Courtyard.
Around the blue Mosque
The area around the Blue Mosque (Sultan Ahmed Mosque) in Istanbul is rich in history and architectural beauty. Located in the heart of the Sultanahmet district, this area is surrounded by some of the city's most famous landmarks, reflecting its importance as the historic center of Istanbul.
Key features around the Blue Mosque:
Hippodrome of Constantinople: Directly adjacent to the Blue Mosque, this ancient Roman arena once hosted chariot races and public events. Today, you can see remnants like the Obelisk of Theodosius, the Serpent Column, and the Walled Obelisk.
Hagia Sophia: Just a short walk from the mosque, this former Byzantine church, later an Ottoman mosque, and now a mosque again, is one of the most famous monuments in the world.
Fountain of Sultan Ahmed III: This ornate fountain, built in 1728, stands just outside the mosque and is a beautiful example of Ottoman baroque architecture.
Arasta Bazaar: Located behind the mosque, this small bazaar offers traditional crafts, carpets, ceramics, and souvenirs, perfect for a stroll and shopping.
Sultanahmet Park: This green space between the Blue Mosque and Hagia Sophia offers stunning views of both buildings, with fountains and seating areas for relaxation.
The area around the Blue Mosque is a vibrant blend of Istanbul's rich past and lively present, with tourists, locals, and worshippers all sharing the space.
To Beyazir square
Beyazıt Square (Turkish: Beyazıt Meydanı) is one of Istanbul's oldest and most historic public squares, located in the Fatih district on the European side of the city. It has served as an important civic and cultural center since the Byzantine period and continues to be a significant landmark today.
Key features and significance of Beyazıt Square:
Forum of Theodosius: During the Byzantine era, the square was known as the Forum of Theodosius, built in the 4th century as one of the city's main public spaces for gatherings, markets, and ceremonies.
Beyazıt Mosque: The square is dominated by the Beyazıt Mosque (completed in 1506), one of the oldest imperial mosques in Istanbul, commissioned by Sultan Bayezid II. Its grand courtyard and serene architecture are a central feature of the square.
Istanbul University: On the northern side of the square is the main gate of Istanbul University, a striking example of Ottoman architecture. The university is one of Turkey’s oldest and most prestigious institutions, adding to the square's cultural significance.
Beyazıt Tower: This tall watchtower, originally used for spotting fires, is located inside the university grounds and is visible from the square.
Book Bazaar: Adjacent to the square is the Grand Bazaar and the Old Book Bazaar (Sahaflar Çarşısı), a historic market for books and manuscripts that dates back to the Ottoman era.
Beyazıt Square remains a busy and lively hub, surrounded by historic architecture, student life, and bustling markets, making it a key part of Istanbul's cultural landscape.
Through the markets and Bazaars
The markets and bazaars around Beyazıt Square are bustling, vibrant centers of trade and culture, with rich historical significance. The highlights include:
- Grand Bazaar (Kapalıçarşı): One of the largest and oldest covered markets in the world, the Grand Bazaar features over 4,000 shops selling everything from jewelry, carpets, and spices to antiques and textiles. It’s a maze of vibrant alleys, making it a major attraction for both tourists and locals.
- Sahaflar Çarşısı (Old Book Bazaar): Adjacent to the Grand Bazaar, this historic market specializes in rare books, manuscripts, and antique prints. It’s a haven for book lovers and those interested in Ottoman and Islamic literature.
- Spice Bazaar (Mısır Çarşısı): Though slightly farther away, this iconic bazaar near Beyazıt is famous for its fragrant spices, herbs, dried fruits, and traditional Turkish delights.
These markets offer an authentic glimpse into Istanbul’s rich mercantile history and are must-visit spots for shopping and cultural exploration.
Around Beyazit and Sehzadebast
T
he area around Beyazıt and Şehzadebaşı is rich in history and culture, offering a blend of Ottoman architecture, significant mosques, and vibrant urban life. Here are the key highlights of this area:
Around Beyazıt:
Beyazıt Mosque: This mosque, built by Sultan Bayezid II in the early 16th century, is one of the oldest imperial mosques in Istanbul. Its peaceful courtyard and classic Ottoman design are key features.
Beyazıt Square: As a historic public square, it has been a significant civic center since Byzantine times. The square also hosts the Istanbul University Gate, an iconic landmark, and the nearby Beyazıt Tower.
Grand Bazaar: Just a short walk from Beyazıt, this sprawling, centuries-old marketplace is a hub for shopping, offering everything from traditional carpets to jewelry and ceramics.
Sahaflar Çarşısı (Old Book Bazaar): A historic market for rare books and manuscripts, located between Beyazıt and the Grand Bazaar, providing a unique literary charm.
Around Şehzadebaşı:
Şehzade Mosque: One of the finest examples of classical Ottoman architecture, this mosque was built by Suleiman the Magnificent in memory of his son, Şehzade Mehmed. It is considered a masterpiece by the architect Mimar Sinan and showcases intricate tile work and grand domes.
Valens Aqueduct: Close to the Şehzade Mosque, the ancient Valens Aqueduct is a Roman-era structure that supplied water to Constantinople. It remains an iconic landmark in the area.
Sehzadebaşı Street: Lined with traditional shops and historic buildings, this street is a lively urban area that captures the daily life of Istanbul's old city, with a mix of local businesses, eateries, and cultural sites.
Together, Beyazıt and Şehzadebaşı offer a fascinating blend of historic monuments, Islamic architecture, vibrant bazaars, and local culture, making it a unique part of Istanbul's old city.
The Suleyamaniye
It is the second largest but the finest and most magnificent of the imperial mosque complex in the city.
Süleymaniye Mosque is one of Istanbul’s most iconic and historically significant landmarks. Built during the Ottoman Empire and designed by the renowned architect Mimar Sinan, the mosque is a masterpiece of Ottoman architecture and an important symbol of Istanbul’s rich history. Here are the key highlights:
1. Architectural Masterpiece
Design by Mimar Sinan: Commissioned by Sultan Süleyman the Magnificent and completed in 1557, the mosque is considered one of the greatest achievements of the Ottoman architect Mimar Sinan. It reflects the zenith of Ottoman architectural design and innovation.
Imposing Dome: The mosque features a grand dome that is 53 meters high and 27.5 meters in diameter, supported by four massive pillars. The dome's design creates a vast and open interior space.
Harmonious Design: The mosque’s architecture is characterized by its elegant proportions, intricate tilework, and harmonious use of space, which exemplifies the classical Ottoman style.
2. Historical Significance
Sultan Süleyman: The mosque was built to commemorate Sultan Süleyman the Magnificent, one of the most illustrious Ottoman sultans. It reflects his vision and the empire's grandeur during his reign.
Complex Structure: The mosque is part of a larger complex (külliye) that includes a medrese (religious school), hospice, bathhouse, and imaret (public kitchen). This self-contained structure served various social and educational purposes, embodying the Ottoman approach to integrating religious and civic life.
3. Interior and Decorations
Tilework: The interior is adorned with Iznik tiles featuring intricate floral and geometric patterns, providing vibrant color and beauty.
Calligraphy: Beautiful Arabic calligraphy decorates the walls, including verses from the Quran and other religious inscriptions.
Simplicity and Opulence: The mosque’s interior is known for its balance of simplicity and opulence, with a vast prayer hall illuminated by numerous chandeliers and an impressive mihrab (prayer niche).
4. Tombs and Mausoleum
Süleyman's Tomb: The mosque complex includes the tomb of Sultan Süleyman and his wife, Hürrem Sultan (Roxelana). The mausoleum is a significant site for visitors interested in Ottoman history and architecture.
5. Panoramic Views
Location: Situated on the Third Hill of Istanbul, the mosque offers stunning views of the Golden Horn and the Bosphorus, making it a popular spot for both tourists and photographers.
6. Cultural and Religious Role
Active Mosque: The Süleymaniye Mosque remains an active place of worship and an important religious site in Istanbul. It continues to serve as a center for Islamic worship and community activities.
The Süleymaniye Mosque is celebrated not only for its architectural beauty but also for its historical and cultural significance, representing the height of Ottoman architectural achievement and the enduring legacy of Sultan Süleyman’s reign.
Süleymaniye Tea is not directly related to the Süleymaniye Mosque, but the name "Süleymaniye" is indeed a reference to Sultan Süleyman the Magnificent, who commissioned the mosque. The tea itself is named after the Süleymaniye Mosque and the surrounding Süleymaniye district in Istanbul, reflecting the cultural and historical significance of the area.
Süleymaniye Tea
Description: Süleymaniye Tea is a traditional Turkish tea blend that is often enjoyed for its rich, aromatic flavors. It typically includes a mix of black tea with spices like cinnamon, cloves, and sometimes cardamom.
Cultural Connection: The tea is named after the Süleymaniye Mosque area, which is a historic and culturally rich part of Istanbul. The connection to the mosque and district evokes a sense of Ottoman heritage and tradition.
Preparation and Serving: It is usually prepared in a Turkish tea pot and served in small glasses, typical of Turkish tea culture. The spices in Süleymaniye Tea add a unique and warming flavor profile, distinguishing it from other types of Turkish tea.
While not a direct historical or architectural link, Süleymaniye Tea's name pays homage to the cultural legacy of the Süleymaniye Mosque and its surrounding area.
To Sehzadebasi
Around the mosque of the conqueror
The fifth and the sixth hill
Kariye Camii
Along the Golden Horn
The Seventh Hill
Along the land walls
Up the Golden Horn to Eyup
Uskudar and the Princes Island
Pera and Galata
The Lower Bosphorus European Shore
The Bosphorus
A Last Stroll
The chapters are organized geographically, allowing readers to follow specific walking routes to explore the city’s many layers, including Byzantine, Ottoman, and modern influences. The book includes detailed descriptions of key monuments like Hagia Sophia, the Blue Mosque, and Topkapi Palace, as well as lesser-known sites that offer insight into Istanbul’s diverse cultural history. The book not only provides historical context but also architectural analysis of the city’s famous buildings and neighborhoods, making it an immersive guide for travelers and history enthusiasts alike.
For those planning a visit to Istanbul, the book offers practical advice on how to navigate the city on foot, capturing both well-known and hidden gems throughout the sprawling metropolis. It emphasizes Istanbul’s unique blend of East and West, making it a valuable resource for understanding the complex cultural and historical layers of the city.
For a thousand years an extraordinary empire made possible Europe’s transition to the modern world: Byzantium. An audacious and resilient but now little known society, it combined orthodox Christianity with paganism, classical Greek learning with Roman power, to produce a great and creative civilization..
Judith Herrin’s concise and compelling book replaces the standard chronological approach of most histories of Byzantium. Instead, each short chapter is focused on a theme, such as a building (the great church of Hagia Sophia), a clash over religion (iconoclasm), sex and power (the role of eunuchs), an outstanding Byzantine individual (the historian Anna Komnene), a symbol of civilization (the fork), a battle for territory (the crusades). In this way she makes accessible and understandable the grand sweeps of Byzantine history, from the founding of its magnificent capital Constantinople (modern Istanbul) in 330, to its fall to the Ottoman Turks in 1453.
This classic guide to Istanbul by Hilary Summer-Boyd and John Freely - the 'best travel guide to Istanbul' ("The Times"), 'a guide book that reads like a novel' ("New York Times") - is here, for the first time since its original publication thirty-seven years ago, published in a completely revised and updated new edition. Taking the reader on foot through this captivating city - European City of Culture 2010 - the authors describe the historic monuments and sites of what was once Constantinople and the capital in turn of the Byzantine and Ottoman Empires, in the context of the great living city. Woven throughout are vivid anecdotes, secret histories, hidden gems and every major place of interest the traveler will want to see. Practical and informative, readable and vividly described, this is the definitive guide to and story of Istanbul, by those who know it best.
But Istanbul and Turkey cannot be separated from their cats. Cats of every disposition and description 🐈 😊
Cappadocia,Ephesus, Konya, Istanbul and others But there are also critical views about having such a huge population of cats roaming freely because of dangers from mites, allergies etc. Also, some cats could be feral.
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